Twinaxial cabling, or "Twinax", is a type of cable similar to coax, but with two inner conductors instead of one. Due to cost efficiency it is becoming common in modern very-short-range high-speed differential signaling applications.
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Historically, twinax was the cable specified for the IBM 5250 terminals and printers, used with IBM's midrange hosts, which are currently AS/400 (Application System 400) minicomputers (which have been renamed i5/OS and iSeries, but are currently Power systems hardware running IBM's 'i' operating system), and also with its predecessors, such as the S/32, S/34,S/36 and S/38. The data transmission is half-duplex, balanced transmission, at 1 Mbit/s, on a single shielded, 110 Ω twisted pair[1].
With Twinax seven devices can be addressed, from workstation address 0 to 6. The devices do not have to be sequential.
Straight Twinax cables can go up to 5,000 feet (1,500 m). Twinax is a bus topology that requires termination to function properly. Most Twinax T-connectors have an automatic termination feature. For use in buildings wired with Category 3 or higher twisted pair there are Baluns that convert twinax to twisted pair and hubs that convert from a bus topology to a star topology.
Twinax was designed by IBM as a replacement for RS-232 dumb terminals. Its main advantages were high speed (1 Mbit/s versus 9600 bit/s) and multiple addressable devices per connection. The main disadvantage was the requirement for proprietary Twinax cabling with bulky screw-shell connectors.
Signals are sent differentially over the wires at 1 Mbit/s (1 μs/bit, ±2 %), Manchester coded, with preemphasis.[2] The signal coding is only approximately differential, and not completely differentially balanced. In general, one of the two signal lines is driven to −0.32 V (±20 %), while the other carries 0 V. This, itself, could be considered as two differential signals of ±0.16 V superimposed on a −0.16 V common mode level. However, to provide preemphasis, for the first 250 ns (1/4 bit time) after a signal is driven low, the negative signal line is driven to −1.6 V. During this time, the common-mode voltage is −0.8 V.
This signal is designed to provide a minimum of ±100 mV at the end of 500 feet of cable.
The two wires are denoted A and B. To encode a 0 bit, A>B for the first half of the bit time, and A<B for the second half. A 1 bit is the opposite. Thus, each signal line is driven low for either 500 or 1000 ns at a time, of which the first 250 ns is emphasized.
A message begins with five normal 1 bits (A driven low for 500 ns, then B driven low for 500 ns) for bit synchronization, followed by a special frame sync pattern, three bit times long, that violates the usual Manchester encoding rules. A is driven low for 1500 ns, then B is driven low for 1500 ns. This is like a 1 bit sent at 1/3 normal speed (although the premphasis pulses remain 250 ns long).[2][3]
This pattern is followed by up to 256 16-bit data frames. Each data frame consists of a start bit of 1, an 8-bit data field, a 3-bit station address, and an even parity bit (which includes the start bit, so it equivalent to odd parity over the data and address fields only). This is then followed by three or more fill bits of 0. Unusually for an IBM protocol, the bits within each frame are sent lsbit-first.[3]
All messages are sent between the controller (master) and one slave device. The first frame in a message from the controller contains the device's address, from 0 to 6. The address field of following frames can be any value from 0 to 6, although is usually set to the device's address as well. The final frame in a message includes an address of 7 (all ones) as an end-of-message (EOM) indicator. A single-frame message does not have an EOM indicator.
When a command calls for a response, the device is expected to respond in 30 to 80 μs. A device's response also consists of up to 256 frames, and includes its address in all frames but the last. In this case, a single-frame response includes the EOM address, and the controller assumes it comes from the device it most recently addressed.
Generally, the first frame in a message is a command byte, and following frames are associated data.[3][4]
NEC Astra system also uses this kind of cable for networking.
Although MIL-STD-1553 specifies that the data bus should have characteristic impedance between 70 and 85 ohms, industry has standardized on 78 ohms. Likewise, the industry has generally standardized on the cable known as twinax cable that has a characteristic impedance of 78 ohms.
This is a copper 10 Gigabit Ethernet cable that comes in either an active or passive twin-ax cable assembly and connects directly into an SFP+ housing. The active twin-ax cable has active electronic components in the SFP+ housing to improve the signal quality; the passive twin-ax cable is just a straight “wire” and contain no active components. Generally twin-ax cables that are less than 5 meters in length are passive and greater than 5 meters in length are active but this is a general rule of thumb and will vary from vendor to vendor. SFP+ Direct Attach is expected to be the optimum solution for reaches of 10 m.[5]
One of major applications includes Arista Networks and Cisco Systems implementation coupled with SFP+ modules. This type of connection is able to transmit at 10 Gigabit full duplex speed over 5 meter distances. Moreover this setup offers 15 to 25 times lower transceiver latency than current 10GBASE-T CAT6/CAT6a/CAT7 cabling systems: 0.1 μs for Twinax with SFP+ versus 1.5 to 2.5 μs for current 10GBASE-T specification. The power draw of Twinax with SFP+ is around 0.1 watts, which is also much better than 4–8 watts for 10GBASE-T.
As always with cabling one of the consideration points is Bit error ratio or BER for short. Twinax copper cabling has BER better than 10−18 according to Cisco, and therefore is acceptable for applications in critical environments.
Many manufacturers of DisplayPort cabling are also using twinaxial configurations to accommodate the strict insertion loss, return loss, and crosstalk requirements for the 2.7 Gbit/s signaling rate.
The cable used to connect the MIL-STD-1553 bus and stub devices has a characteristic impedance of 78 ohms at 1 MHz. A 2-conductor twisted-pair cable known as twinax is used to connect the bus and stub devices. The insulated pairs are balanced and have an overall shielding braid around the pairs. The twisting of the signal-carrying pairs theoretically cancels any random induced noise caused by the pair. The two internal dielectric fillers separate the braid from the pairs to minimize the leakage capacitance to ground. The fillers also assist in uniform twisting of the pairs. The 90% braid coverage protects the pair from external noise. PVC outer jacket cable is suitable for lab use while high-temperature rated outer jacket cable is applicable for vehicle use.